Commercial asphalt paving has played a significant role in the growth and development of Durham, North Carolina. The city's history is intertwined with the rise of asphalt as a primary material for road construction, which has helped to facilitate economic progress and improve transportation infrastructure. The use of commercial asphalt paving can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, where it was used to pave roads over 5,000 years ago. However, its widespread adoption in modern times began in the late 19th century when Belgian immigrant Edward de Smedt developed a method for mixing bitumen with aggregate materials to create a durable pavement surface. This technique revolutionized road construction and led to the rapid expansion of paved roads across Europe and eventually North America. Durham's first experience with commercial asphalt paving dates back to the early 1900s when local businessman Julian Shakespeare Carr invested in a street-paving project using this new technology. At that time, most streets were unpaved or made from gravel or cobblestones, making them difficult to travel on during inclement weather. Carr saw an opportunity for improvement and collaborated with engineer George Watts Hill Sr., who had recently returned from studying road construction techniques in Europe. Together they formed the Durham Highway Improvement Company (DHIC) and secured contracts from both the city government and private landowners to pave several miles of streets using asphalt as their primary material. The success of these projects sparked interest among other cities in North Carolina, leading DHIC to expand its operations beyond Durham into neighboring towns like Chapel Hill and Raleigh. In addition to providing better access for businesses located along paved roads, this newfound capability also allowed farmers easier access between rural areas and urban centers like Durham where they could sell their goods at higher prices due largely because it would no longer take them hours - sometimes days - just getting there! As more people started migrating towards cities seeking employment opportunities after World War I ended (1918), the demand for asphalt paving in North Carolina increased significantly. The growth of Durham's economy and population during this time also required new residential developments, which were made possible by the development of commercial asphalt paving. The use of asphalt allowed for faster construction times and cheaper costs compared to traditional methods such as brick or concrete. This led to a boom in real estate development, with neighborhoods like Duke Park and Trinity Park being built primarily on paved roads. As the city continued to grow, so did the demand for better transportation infrastructure. In 1929, Durham City Council established its first street department dedicated solely to maintaining streets and sidewalks. The department quickly realized that using asphalt as their primary material was not only more cost-effective but also provided a smoother ride for vehicles due to its flexibility and ability to withstand heavy traffic. In the decades following World War II, Durham experienced rapid industrialization with companies like Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company (now known as Philip Morris USA) setting up operations in the city. This brought even more people into Durham who needed reliable transportation networks both within the city and beyond its borders. To meet these needs, local governments invested heavily in commercial asphalt paving projects throughout North Carolina. In 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law an act that would create a national highway system - now known as Interstate highways - connecting major cities across America. This legislation had a significant impact on how roads were designed and constructed from then on. Durham benefited greatly from this initiative with Interstates 40 and 85 intersecting at its center, making it easier for goods produced locally to be transported across state lines quickly. Commercial asphalt paving played an essential role in building these highways; however, it wasn't without controversy as many communities along these routes faced displacement due to eminent domain laws used by government agencies acquiring land for road construction. Despite some challenges along the way, commercial asphalt paving has been instrumental in shaping modern-day Durham. The city boasts a robust transportation infrastructure that allows for easy travel within the city and to other major cities in North Carolina. It has also played a vital role in supporting economic growth, providing access for businesses to thrive and creating employment opportunities for its residents. In recent years, there have been advancements in asphalt technology aimed at making it more sustainable and environmentally friendly. These include using recycled materials such as old tires and shingles in the production of asphalt, as well as developing porous pavements that allow rainwater to seep through instead of running off into storm drains. Today, commercial asphalt paving continues to be an essential aspect of Durham's development plans. With ongoing maintenance and improvement projects, the city is committed to ensuring safe and efficient transportation networks for its residents and businesses alike. As the demand for better roads increases with population growth, it is likely that commercial asphalt paving will continue to play a significant role in shaping Durham's future for years to come.

Commercial asphalt paving is a crucial aspect of modern infrastructure, playing a vital role in the construction and maintenance of roads, parking lots, driveways, and other surfaces. It is a process that involves laying down layers of asphalt mix on a prepared surface to create a durable and smooth pavement. This type of paving has been used for centuries, with ancient civilizations such as the Romans using it to build their famous roads. In this paper, we will explore the history of commercial asphalt paving, its benefits over other paving materials, the process involved in its installation, common applications in commercial settings, maintenance practices to ensure longevity and safety concerns associated with this type of paving. History The use of asphalt as a building material dates back thousands of years when natural deposits were used for waterproofing roofs and lining waterways. The word “asphalt” comes from the Greek word "asphalton," meaning "secure." However, it was not until the 19th century that modern road construction methods began utilizing asphalt as an essential component. In 1870s Belgium became one of the first countries to pave streets with asphalt by mixing bitumen (a sticky black substance found in crude oil) with sand or gravel. Later on, many European countries followed suit due to its durability and easy maintenance compared to traditional materials like stone or brick. In America during this period also saw an increase in demand for smoother roads suitable for horse-drawn carriages. In 1876 Washington D.C., became one of the first cities in America to use hot-mixed coal tar instead of natural bitumen which provided better adhesion between aggregates resulting in improved durability even under heavy traffic conditions. Benefits One significant advantage that makes commercial asphalt popular is its cost-effectiveness compared to other materials such as concrete or brick. Asphalt production requires less energy than producing concrete making it more affordable both upfront costs and long-term maintenance costs. Another benefit is its flexibility. Asphalt has the ability to expand and contract with temperature changes without cracking, making it ideal for regions with extreme weather conditions. This feature also makes it suitable for heavy traffic areas as it can withstand the weight of vehicles without breaking. The installation process is relatively quick compared to other materials, resulting in minimal disruption to businesses or road users. Once laid down, asphalt sets quickly allowing for immediate use, reducing downtime and inconvenience. Process Commercial asphalt paving involves several steps that must be followed carefully to ensure a quality pavement that will last for years to come. The first step is site preparation which includes clearing the area of any debris and ensuring a level surface. Next, a sub-base layer made up of crushed stone or gravel is laid down and compacted using heavy machinery. Once the sub-base is established, an asphalt binder layer (also known as base course) consisting of coarser aggregates mixed with bitumen is applied over it and compacted again. Finally, a top layer called the wearing course containing finer aggregates mixed with bitumen gives the pavement its smooth finish. Applications Commercial asphalt paving has numerous applications in modern infrastructure ranging from parking lots, driveways, airport runways, highways to industrial surfaces such as loading docks and warehouse floors. Its durability under heavy traffic makes it ideal for these high-volume areas where traditional materials may not hold up well. Maintenance Proper maintenance plays a crucial role in maximizing the lifespan of commercial asphalt pavements while keeping them safe for use. Regular cleaning using pressure washers helps remove dirt build-up that can weaken the integrity of the surface over time. Sealcoating every 2-3 years prevents water penetration which can cause cracks leading to potholes if left unchecked. Timely repairs are vital in preventing small issues from turning into more significant problems that require costly solutions such as resurfacing or reconstruction. Safety Concerns While commercial asphalt paving offers many benefits when properly installed and maintained, it also poses some safety concerns that should not be overlooked. One of the main dangers associated with asphalt paving is its potential to release toxic fumes during installation or repairs due to the high temperatures involved. To mitigate this risk, proper ventilation and personal protective equipment should be used by workers. Additionally, drivers and pedestrians must follow safety protocols in construction zones to prevent accidents. Conclusion Commercial asphalt paving has come a long way since its early days and has become an essential part of modern infrastructure development. Its cost-effectiveness, durability under heavy traffic conditions, quick installation process, and versatility make it a popular choice for various applications in commercial settings. However, proper maintenance is crucial in ensuring the longevity and safety of these pavements. As technology advances in the industry, we can expect even more innovations that will continue to improve upon this tried-and-tested method of road construction.

The history of commercial asphalt paving in Durham, North Carolina can be traced back to the late 19th century. As the city grew and developed into a major industrial hub, the need for efficient transportation infrastructure became apparent. In 1881, the first railroad line was built in Durham which connected it to other major cities in North Carolina. This allowed for easier transport of goods and materials, leading to an increase in economic activity and development. The early 20th century saw a surge in road construction as automobiles became increasingly popular. In 1909, the state legislature passed a law that established a statewide highway system with funding from motor vehicle registration fees. As part of this initiative, several roads were paved with asphalt including US Route 70 (now known as NC Highway 98) which runs through Durham. During World War II, there was a shortage of rubber tires due to rationing efforts. This led to an increased demand for asphalt paving as alternative materials like concrete were not readily available or affordable. Many new roads were constructed using asphalt during this time period. In the post-war era, urbanization and suburbanization led to further expansion of roads and highways throughout North Carolina including Durham. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 provided federal funds for interstate highway construction which played a significant role in shaping the modern transportation system we see today. Asphalt continued to be widely used for road construction projects throughout the latter half of the 20th century due to its durability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of maintenance compared to other pavement materials like concrete or brick. In recent years, there has been an increased focus on sustainable practices in commercial asphalt paving industry. With advancements in technology and techniques such as warm mix asphalt (WMA), recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), porous pavements ,and permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP), companies have been able to reduce their environmental impact while still providing high-quality and long-lasting pavement solutions. Today, commercial asphalt paving in Durham remains a vital part of the city's infrastructure. The continued growth and development of the area has led to an ongoing demand for new roads, parking lots, and other paved surfaces. With its long history and proven track record, asphalt will likely remain a top choice for commercial paving projects in Durham for years to come.

Durham, North Carolina is a vibrant and diverse city located in the heart of the Research Triangle region. Known for its rich history, thriving arts scene, and renowned universities, Durham has become a popular destination for both tourists and residents alike. History The history of Durham dates back to the early 1700s when it was inhabited by Native American tribes such as the Eno and Occoneechi. In 1754, European settlers arrived in the area led by Colonel James Lyon who established a town named "Durham's Creek" after his hometown in England. The name was later shortened to Durham. In the late 1800s, Durham emerged as a major industrial center with the arrival of tobacco manufacturing companies such as Washington Duke's American Tobacco Company and Julian Carr's Blackwell Tobacco Company. This led to an economic boom which transformed Durham into one of North Carolina's wealthiest cities. However, this prosperity came at a cost. The tobacco industry relied heavily on cheap labor from African Americans who were brought in as slaves or migrated from other states. This resulted in racial tensions and inequality that would shape much of Durham's history. In more recent times, efforts have been made to acknowledge this dark past through initiatives like "Bull City Reconstructed" which seeks to tell a more inclusive story about Durham’s history. Arts and Culture Durham is known for its thriving arts scene that celebrates diversity and creativity. One of its most famous attractions is the American Tobacco Historic District where old tobacco warehouses have been converted into trendy restaurants, shops, art galleries, offices spaces and entertainment venues. The district also hosts outdoor concerts throughout the year including festivals like Artsplosure – celebrating local artists -and Moogfest – showcasing electronic music performances. Another prominent cultural landmark in Durham is Brightleaf Square –a former tobacco warehouse complex turned shopping center with boutiques selling unique gifts from local artisans-located just minutes away from the American Tobacco Historic District. The city also boasts an impressive collection of museums and galleries. The Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University houses a diverse collection of contemporary, modern, and classical art from around the world. The Museum of Life + Science offers interactive exhibits on topics such as earth science, aerospace and engineering which are perfect for children and adults alike. Other notable cultural institutions include the North Carolina Museum of History, Hayti Heritage Center, Durham Arts Council and more. Education Durham is home to three renowned universities - Duke University, North Carolina Central University (NCCU), and Durham Technical Community College – making it a hub for academic excellence. Duke University is consistently ranked among the top universities in the country with its prestigious undergraduate program along with highly regarded graduate programs including law school, medical school, business school and more. NCCU is one of the nation's oldest historically black colleges/universities (HBCUs) that offers a comprehensive range of undergraduate programs along with professional degrees in law, education,and nursing. Durham Technical Community College provides affordable education options for those seeking technical training or associate degrees. Economy Durham has evolved into a thriving center for innovation thanks to its proximity to major research facilities like Research Triangle Park (RTP). RTP is home to over 200 companies including IBM Corporation,Nokia Corporation,Biogen Inc.,and many others bringing together researchers across various fields such as biotechnology,polymersand nanotechnology.This has led to numerous job opportunities across industries giving residents access to high-paying jobs without having to commute long distances. In addition,Durham's entrepreneurial spirit has been fostered by initiatives like American Underground,a co-working space founded by Google start-up accelerator Black Wall Street Homecoming-which empowers minority entrepreneurs-and Bull City Forward-a non-profit that supports social enterprises.It’s no surprise that Forbes named Durham oneofthe top citiesfor young entrepreneurs. Outdoor Activities Durham offers plenty of opportunities for outdoor enthusiasts. The city boasts over 68 parks and green spaces including the popular Duke Gardens, a 55-acre public garden featuring a variety of flowers, plants,and sculptures. For those looking to get active, Durham has numerous hiking trails in its many nature preserves like Eno River State Park and Occoneechee Mountain State Natural Area. Sports fans can catch minor league baseball games at the Durham Bulls Athletic Park or watch college sports teams from Duke Universityand NCCU compete in various sports throughout the year. Conclusion In conclusion,Durham is a dynamic city with a rich history and diverse culture that continues to evolve and grow. From its roots as an industrial town to its current status as a hub for innovation and education,Durham has something for everyone. With its vibrant arts scene,outdoor activities,and top-notch academic institutions,it’s no wonder why so many people choose to call this Bull City their home.

Asphalt, a durable and cost-effective paving material, has been used for centuries to create roads and other surfaces for transportation. However, it was not until the 19th century that asphalt began to be utilized on a commercial scale for paving purposes. This paper will explore the history of commercial asphalt paving, from its origins in ancient civilizations to its widespread use in modern construction projects. The earliest known use of asphalt dates back to the Mesopotamian civilization around 3150 BC. The Sumerians used natural deposits of bitumen (a sticky form of petroleum) as an adhesive and waterproofing agent for buildings and water systems. They also mixed it with sand and gravel to create primitive roadways. In ancient Egypt, Pharaohs had their chariot wheels rolled over hot asphalt mixtures as a way to compact them into smoother surfaces. The Romans also made use of bitumen by mixing it with lime and volcanic ash to create mortar for building structures such as aqueducts and roads. During the Middle Ages, Arab traders introduced the concept of using tar (a derivative of bitumen) as a waterproofing material in Europe. In England during this time period, King Edward I ordered paved streets using pitch (another form of tar) mixed with pebbles. However, it was not until the late 18th century when French chemist Jacques de Molay discovered how to extract pure liquid bitumen from crude oil that paved the way for modern asphalt production methods. His discovery sparked interest in utilizing this new form of bitumen for road construction. In 1824, Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam developed what is now known as Macadam Roads – layers of crushed stone bound together by compressed layers without any need for adhesives like tar or pitch which were expensive at that time. These roads provided a smoother surface than previous methods but were still prone to wearing out quickly due to heavy traffic. It was not until the 1870s that Belgian immigrant Edward De Smedt, known as the “Father of Modern Asphalt Roads,” developed a new method for paving roads using layers of asphalt mixtures on top of compacted stone. This technique, called "macadamized macadam," provided a more durable and flexible surface that could withstand heavy traffic. In the late 19th century, the first asphalt pavement in America was laid down in Newark, New Jersey. It consisted of natural bitumen mixed with gravel and sand to create a smooth surface suitable for horse-drawn carriages. However, it wasn't until after Henry Ford's invention of the Model T automobile in 1908 that demand for paved roads increased significantly. The use of asphalt became widespread as local governments began investing in road infrastructure to accommodate this new mode of transportation. With the rise in popularity of automobiles came an increase in research and development into improving asphalt technology. In 1910, Warren Brothers Company introduced hot-mix asphalt (HMA), which revolutionized road construction by allowing for better compaction and longer-lasting surfaces. During World War II, there was a shortage of natural bitumen due to disruptions in supplies from overseas sources. As a result, researchers began experimenting with synthetic materials such as rubber and plastics to create more durable forms of HMA. In 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act into law – also known as "The National Defense Interstate Highway System" – which allocated significant funding towards building highways across America using modern methods like Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Since then, advancements have continued to be made in terms of paving technology and equipment used for commercial purposes. Today's commercial asphalt pavers utilize state-of-the-art machinery like infrared heaters and computer-controlled spreaders that make laying down high-quality pavements quicker and more efficient than ever before. Commercial grade HMA is now produced at specialized asphalt plants, where aggregates such as gravel and sand are heated with liquid bitumen to create a mixture that can be transported to job sites. This allows for precise control over the quality of the mix, ensuring consistent results. The use of asphalt has also expanded beyond just road construction. It is now commonly used in parking lots, driveways, airport runways, and industrial surfaces due to its durability and cost-effectiveness. In recent years, there has been a growing focus on sustainability within the construction industry. As a result, new technologies have emerged that allow for the recycling of old asphalt into new pavements. Not only does this reduce waste and save resources but it also reduces costs for both contractors and clients. In conclusion, commercial asphalt paving has come a long way since its humble beginnings in ancient civilizations. From using natural deposits of bitumen to modern-day production methods utilizing advanced machinery and technology – it has evolved significantly over time to become one of the most widely used materials in construction projects around the world. Its versatility and durability continue to make it an essential component in creating safe and reliable transportation infrastructure.

Commercial asphalt paving has a long and diverse history dating back to ancient civilizations. The use of asphalt as a paving material can be traced back to the Babylonians in 625 BC, who used it to build roads and fortifications. Throughout history, different civilizations adopted and improved upon this method of using asphalt for construction purposes. In the 19th century, commercial asphalt paving began to take shape in Europe with the development of macadam roads by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam. He introduced a new technique called "macadamization" that involved laying small stones on top of each other and compacting them with heavy rollers before applying layers of tar or bitumen on top. This method was widely adopted throughout Europe and North America. In the early 20th century, Henry Ford revolutionized the commercial asphalt paving industry by introducing mechanized road building equipment such as steamrollers and tarmac mixers. This led to faster construction times, greater efficiency, and lower costs for road projects. The rise of automobiles also played a significant role in the growth of commercial asphalt paving. As more people began to own cars, there was an increased demand for paved roads that could withstand heavy traffic. In response to this demand, governments started investing heavily in infrastructure projects which further fueled the growth of commercial asphalt paving companies. During World War II, many advancements were made in terms of technology and materials used for pavement construction. Asphalt emulsions were developed which allowed for quicker drying times compared to traditional hot-mix methods. In recent years, there have been significant improvements in technologies used for commercial asphalt paving such as infrared heating systems that allow contractors to repair damaged areas without having to remove existing pavement first. Today's techniques involve mixing recycled materials with new aggregates making it environmentally friendly while still providing high-quality results at affordable prices. Additionally, innovations like porous pavements are being developed which help reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water infiltration into underlying soils. Commercial asphalt paving has become an essential part of modern infrastructure, providing a durable and cost-effective solution for constructing roads, parking lots, and other surfaces. It continues to evolve as new technologies and techniques are developed to meet the growing demands for sustainable and efficient paving solutions.

Durham, North Carolina is a vibrant and diverse city situated in the heart of the Piedmont region. Known for its rich history, cultural diversity, and thriving economy, Durham has become a popular destination for tourists and residents alike. From its humble beginnings as a small railroad town to its current status as one of the fastest-growing cities in the United States, Durham's evolution over time reflects both the challenges faced by its inhabitants and their determination to overcome them. The story of Durham begins in the early 1700s when European settlers began to establish colonies along what would later become known as the Great Indian Trading Path. The area was inhabited by Native American tribes such as Occaneechi, Eno, Shakori, and Sissipahaw who lived peacefully until conflicts arose with European colonizers seeking land for settlement. In 1754, English explorer John Lawson named this land "Durham" after his birthplace in England. However, it wasn't until 1849 that Durham started to take shape as a town when Dr. Bartlett S. Durham donated four acres of his farmland for the construction of a railroad depot on what is now known as West Main Street. This strategic location made it an ideal spot for trade and commerce between Raleigh and Hillsborough. By 1853, with more people settling around the train station site looking for work opportunities offered by railway companies like North Carolina Railroad Company (NCRR), W.T Blackwell established Bull City Tobacco Factory which became one of NC's largest tobacco producers during this era. In addition to tobacco production being one of Durham’s main industries during this period; textile mills also played an important role in shaping its economy following rapid growth due to demand from nearby cotton plantations – particularly those located along Cape Fear River Basin where raw materials were easily accessible via railroads built through town earlier on. The Civil War brought significant changes to Durham's landscape - both economically and socially. The city's strategic location made it a target for Union soldiers, resulting in the destruction of many buildings and factories. However, after the war ended, Durham quickly rebounded thanks to its booming tobacco industry. In 1867, Washington Duke moved his family's tobacco business from Orange County to Durham and established W.T Blackwell & Co., which later became the American Tobacco Company. This move marked the beginning of a new era for Durham as it became known as "The City of Tobacco." The success of Duke’s company also attracted other major players in the industry such as James Buchanan (Buck) Duke who expanded operations by building modern factories like Lucky Strike Factory - one of North Carolina’s largest at that time. With increasing demand for labor in manufacturing industries came an influx of African Americans from rural areas seeking better economic opportunities. As a result, Durham's population grew significantly and led to racial tensions between white and black residents. In 1898, these tensions culminated in one of the worst race riots in U.S history when whites overthrew local government officials – mostly African Americans – leading to their displacement from positions they held. Despite this dark period in its history, Durham continued to prosper with advancements such as streetcar lines connecting different parts of town making transport easier; construction boom due to manufacturing companies expanding or setting roots here; establishment prestigious institutions including Trinity College (later renamed Duke University); formation community organizations focused on social justice issues like National Association Advancement Colored People (NAACP). By mid-20th century ,Durham had evolved into a modern city with thriving businesses diversifying its economy beyond tobacco production ; healthcare facilities offering world-class services attracting patients globally; education sector producing some brightest minds across various fields shaping future progress state nation well. However post-industrialization challenges began emerging weakening pillars supporting growth area— unemployment rates escalated especially minority communities hit hardest ; deindustrialization worsened by outsourcing factories overseas left many jobless; crime rates spiked, and social services deteriorated. This led to the creation of initiatives like Bull City Forward and Partnership for a Healthy Durham aimed at revitalizing struggling neighborhoods through economic development efforts. Today, Durham continues to grow as a hub for technology, healthcare, education, and research. Its diverse population has contributed to a thriving arts scene with museums such as the Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University showcasing both national and international exhibitions. The city also hosts annual cultural events like the American Dance Festival and CenterFest Arts Festival that celebrate its diverse community. In conclusion, Durham's history is one of resilience in the face of challenges. From its humble beginnings as a railroad town to becoming a bustling metropolis with global influence, this city has undergone significant transformations over time. While it may have faced adversity throughout its journey, Durham's spirit remains unbreakable – constantly reinventing itself to adapt to changing times while preserving its rich heritage.

Durham, North Carolina has a rich and complex history that spans over 300 years. The city was founded in the early 18th century by English settlers who named it after Durham, England. Over the centuries, Durham grew from a small rural community to become one of the largest and most influential cities in North Carolina. The Early Years: Durham's early history is closely tied to its geography. The area was first inhabited by various Native American tribes such as the Eno, Shakori, Occaneechi, and Tuscarora. These indigenous peoples lived off of the land and created trade routes along the rivers that run through present-day Durham. In 1701, English settlers arrived in what is now known as Durham County. They were attracted to the fertile land and abundant water supply provided by the Eno River and Little River. These early settlers established farms and plantations which relied heavily on slave labor for their success. The Rise of Tobacco: In the late 19th century, tobacco became a major economic force in Durham with the opening of W.T Blackwell & Co., which would later become part of American Tobacco Company (ATC). This company revolutionized tobacco packaging techniques and quickly became one of largest producers of cigarettes in America. With ATC at its center, Durham saw rapid growth during this time period. Many large Victorian-style homes were built for wealthy businessmen involved in tobacco production. However, this prosperity was not shared among all residents as racial segregation laws were enforced throughout much of this time period. Civil Rights Movement: During the mid-20th century, Durham played an important role in shaping civil rights movements within North Carolina. In February 1960 students from North Carolina Central University staged sit-ins at several segregated lunch counters downtown leading to desegregation efforts across many public spaces including schools. Later that same year Dr.Martin Luther King Jr held his first nonviolent demonstration outside Duke University's Duke Chapel. In the 1960s, Durham was also home to the largest civil rights demonstration in North Carolina when over 3,000 people marched for equality and voting rights. Education: Durham is home to some of the most prestigious universities and colleges in North Carolina including Duke University, North Carolina Central University (NCCU), and Durham Technical Community College. These institutions have played a pivotal role in shaping not only Durham but also the state of North Carolina as a whole. Duke University was founded in 1838 as Brown's Schoolhouse by Quakers who wanted to create an institution that would teach both men and women equally. The university has since become known for its research capabilities and academic excellence. In contrast, NCCU was established in 1910 as a private liberal arts college for African Americans during segregation. It has grown into one of the top HBCUs (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) in the nation with notable alumni such as Thurgood Marshall, Maya Angelou, and Ida Lassiter. Present Day: Today, Durham is a thriving city with a diverse population of over 280,000 residents. The city continues to be shaped by its history while also embracing modern advancements such as technology and healthcare industries. The downtown area has undergone major revitalization efforts which have transformed it into a vibrant hub for dining, shopping,and entertainment. The American Tobacco Campus now houses offices for various businesses along with restaurants,bars,and residential spaces. Durham is also known for its cultural events such as the annual American Dance Festival held at Duke University since 1978. Additionally,the Bull City hosts several festivals throughout the year celebrating food,music,and art drawing visitors from all over. Overall,Durham’s rich history continues to shape its present-day culture,politics,economy,and education making it a dynamic place full of opportunity,fascinating stories,and diverse perspectives.

Durham, North Carolina has a long history of commercial asphalt paving that dates back to the early 20th century. The city’s growth and development were heavily influenced by its proximity to major transportation routes such as railroads and highways. As a result, the demand for paved roads and parking lots increased, leading to the rise of commercial asphalt paving in Durham. One of the earliest examples of commercial asphalt paving in Durham can be traced back to 1901 when Duke University (then known as Trinity College) was expanding its campus. The university hired a local contractor, George W. Watts & Son, to pave their new roads with asphalt. This project marked one of the first instances of using modern construction techniques in Durham. During this time period, many municipalities across America were moving away from traditional brick or cobblestone roads towards more durable and cost-effective options like asphalt. In 1910, under Mayor William Biddle’s leadership, Durham became one of the first cities in North Carolina to adopt an ordinance requiring concrete or asphalt pavement on all newly constructed streets within city limits. The adoption of this ordinance led to an increase in demand for commercial asphalt paving services in Durham. Local contractors such as Rigsbee Brothers Company and J.R.Turner Paving Company emerged during this time period and began handling large-scale projects throughout the city. In addition to road construction, commercial properties also sought out professional paving companies for their parking lot needs. With businesses rapidly growing in downtown Durham during the mid-20th century, there was a need for efficient parking solutions for employees and customers alike. Furthermore, with advancements in technology came improved methods for laying down pavement quickly while maintaining quality standards – making it easier than ever before for businesses to install durable parking lots made from materials like gravel or crushed stone mixed with hot liquid tar then compacted with heavy rollers until smooth surfaces are achieved - now commonly referred to as “asphalt.” As Durham continued to grow and develop, so did the demand for commercial paving services. In 1952, a new airport was built in Durham and required extensive asphalt paving work for its runways and parking lots. This project provided a significant boost to local paving companies, who were able to showcase their expertise on such a large-scale project. In the following decades, more modern methods of asphalt production were introduced, further increasing efficiency and quality of pavement installation. These advancements allowed contractors to take on larger projects with shorter timelines while still maintaining high-quality standards. Today, commercial asphalt paving continues to play an essential role in Durham’s development as it has throughout the city’s history. Major businesses like IBM and GlaxoSmithKline rely on professional paving companies for their parking lot needs, ensuring safe and reliable access for employees and customers. Moreover, with the rise of eco-friendly initiatives in recent years, there has been an increased focus on sustainable construction practices – including using recycled materials in asphalt mixtures. Many commercial pavers in Durham have embraced this trend by incorporating recycled materials into their processes – making them not only efficient but also environmentally responsible. In conclusion, commercial asphalt paving has played a crucial role in shaping Durham's growth over the last century. From small town beginnings to becoming one of North Carolina's largest cities today - paved roads have served as vital arteries connecting communities within the city limits that contributed significantly towards economic progress through improved accessibility. The evolution of technology and techniques within the industry has allowed for faster construction times without sacrificing quality or durability. With sustainability at its forefront now more than ever before – we can expect continued innovation from commercial pavers as they adapt to meet changing demands while staying true to their roots that helped build this vibrant city we know today as Durham.

Asphalt paving is a highly popular and essential aspect of the construction industry. It refers to the process of laying asphalt, a black, sticky substance made from crude oil, on road surfaces for various purposes such as providing a smooth driving surface, improving safety and durability of roads, and enhancing the overall aesthetics of an area. Commercial asphalt paving specifically caters to businesses and commercial developments that require large-scale pavement projects. The use of asphalt dates back centuries ago when it was used by ancient civilizations in building structures and roads. However, it wasn’t until the 19th century that modern methods were developed for producing asphalt pavements. Since then, this versatile material has become a mainstay in the construction industry due to its numerous benefits. One of the primary advantages of using commercial asphalt paving is its cost-effectiveness. Asphalt is relatively inexpensive compared to other materials like concrete or brick pavers. This makes it an attractive option for businesses looking to pave large areas without breaking their budget. Additionally, since it can be laid quickly with minimal labor costs, it also helps expedite project timelines. Moreover, commercial asphalt paving offers excellent performance in terms of durability and longevity. When properly installed and maintained, an asphalt pavement can last up to 20 years or more before requiring major repairs or replacements. Its ability to withstand heavy traffic loads also makes it ideal for high-traffic areas such as parking lots and industrial driveways. In addition to its functional benefits, commercial asphalt paving also adds aesthetic value to any business establishment. With its smooth finish and sleek appearance, paved surfaces create a professional image for any company while also creating a safe environment for customers and employees alike. Commercial properties often have unique requirements when it comes to pavement design due to varying factors such as expected traffic volume or weather conditions specific to their location. Fortunately, asphalt offers great flexibility in terms of design options – from traditional blacktops with white striping for parking lots to decorative stamped asphalt patterns for walkways and sidewalks. This allows businesses to customize their pavement designs according to their specific needs and preferences. Another significant advantage of commercial asphalt paving is its eco-friendliness. Asphalt is a recyclable material, making it an environmentally responsible choice for businesses looking to reduce their carbon footprint. In fact, nearly 100% of reclaimed or recycled asphalt can be reused in new pavements or other construction projects, reducing the need for raw materials and conserving energy. Furthermore, the installation process of commercial asphalt paving has minimal impact on the environment as it does not require heavy machinery or cause excessive noise pollution. Its quick curing time also means that roads can be opened to traffic sooner, minimizing disruptions caused by roadwork. When it comes to maintenance, asphalt’s smooth surface makes it easy to clean and repair compared to other types of pavements. Regular sealcoating every few years helps protect against wear and tear from weather elements such as harsh sunlight and rainwater infiltration. It also helps prevent cracks from forming which can lead to more extensive damage if left unattended. In terms of safety, commercial asphalt paving offers excellent skid resistance on wet surfaces due to its textured surface design. This significantly reduces the risk of accidents such as slips or falls within a business establishment's premises. While there are numerous benefits associated with commercial asphalt paving, proper installation is crucial in achieving these advantages fully. It requires specialized equipment, skilled laborers who understand how pavement properties change with temperature fluctuations during application, and adherence to industry standards for quality control measures like compaction density testing. Therefore, hiring a reputable contractor with experience in commercial paving projects is essential for ensuring long-lasting results that meet safety standards. A reliable contractor will conduct a thorough assessment of your project site before providing recommendations based on your budget and unique requirements. In conclusion, commercial asphalt paving offers numerous benefits that make it an ideal choice for businesses looking for cost-effective, durable, and aesthetically pleasing pavement solutions. Its versatility, eco-friendliness, and low maintenance requirements make it a popular choice for commercial developments of all sizes. However, proper installation by an experienced contractor is crucial in achieving optimal results that meet safety standards and ensure the longevity of your pavement. With its many advantages, it’s no wonder why asphalt remains one of the top choices for paving projects in the construction industry.